The Venus Morning Apparition of 2022

by Martin J. Powell

Having passed through inferior conjunction on January 8th 2022 (when it was positioned directly between the Earth and the Sun), Venus swiftly entered the dawn sky as a 'Morning Star' around mid-month, rising in the ESE shortly before sunrise. At the commencement of the apparition, Venus rose in twilight across the inhabited world, not attaining any significant altitude (angle above the local horizon) before disappearing from view in the brightening sky. The planet was moving retrograde (East to West) against the background stars at this time, positioned in central Northern Sagittarius, the Archer, the Southernmost constellation of the zodiac.

Orbitally, Venus was positioned at a relatively close 0.2722 Astronomical Units (AU) from the Earth (40.7 million kms or 25.3 million statute miles). During January the planet's solar elongation (angular distance from the Sun) increased rapidly from 10° West on January 14th to 20° West only one week later as it skirted the boundary of Sagittarius with Scutum, the Shield, located just to the North.

As it emerged from the dawn twilight, telescopes pointed towards Venus showed a large, slender, Eastward-facing crescent, around 5% illuminated (phase = 0.05). The planet's apparent diameter measured around 56" (56 arcseconds, where 1 arcsecond = 1/60th of an arcminute or 1/3600th of a degree) and it shone at an apparent magnitude of -4.3. The crescent appeared greatly disturbed by turbulence in the Earth's atmosphere, being split into the rainbow colours by an effect called dispersion (an example of how dispersion appears through a telescope can be seen here, along with other phases of the planet). Venus' large apparent diameter also meant that the crescent could be glimpsed in the twilight by observers using binoculars, its apparently tiny crescent facing down towards the horizon. The planet's apparent diameter would shrink throughout the morning apparition, as it slowly receded from the Earth in space.

Whilst Venus was pulling away from the Sun, dedicated telescopic observers began their search for the elusive Ashen Light, which is a faint glowing of the night side of Venus through its thick clouds. The phenomenon is believed to be caused either by the planet's surface glowing red hot (due to its extremely high surface temperature) or due to electrical activity in its dense atmosphere. Observers searching for the Light will normally use ultraviolet and/or infrared filters in order to help reveal it, an occulting bar often being used to block the bright, visually-intrusive crescent from view. Observers in Equatorial and Northern Tropical latitudes were best placed to view the Light at this early stage of the apparition due to the higher altitude of Venus above the horizon before sunrise.

The planet Mars, now in the early stage of its 2021-23 apparition, was the only planet to accompany Venus in the morning sky in mid-January. Over the coming two weeks the pair rapidly closed in on one another, initially heading in opposite directions against the background stars, with Mars moving at the faster rate. Venus was positioned several degrees to the North of the Red Planet throughout the period. Mars - currently shining at a rather dim magnitude of +1.4 - was positioned 24º to the WSW of Venus at midnight UT on the 14th; it was 18º.5 to the WSW of Venus on the 19th and 14º to the WSW of it on the 24th.

At 0548 UT on January 23rd Venus reached its closest orbital position to the Sun, known as the perihelion, the first of two such occasions that the planet would pass this point during its 2022 apparition. At perihelion Venus was positioned at a distance of  0.7184 AU (107.4 million kms or 66.8 million statute miles) from the Sun.

During the latter half of January Venus was positioned around 10º North of Sagittarius' famous asterism, the Teapot, which comprises eight stars of third-magnitude or brighter (although since the constellation was only now beginning to emerge into the dawn sky, they were only visible to observers South of about latitude 25º South). On January 25th Venus passed 10º.8 North of the star Sgr (Phi Sagittarii, mag. +3.1), located at the top of the Teapot's handle.

On January 29th Venus' Eastward motion ceased as it reached its Western stationary point on the Sagittarius-Scutum border, Mars being positioned some 10º.5 away to the South-west. Thereafter, Venus began direct motion (West to East) which it would continue through to the end of the apparition. Venus reached a solar elongation of 30° West on January 30th.

At the end of the month the planet Mercury (mag. +1.7), in North-eastern Sagittarius, emerged into the dawn sky at the start of its first morning apparition of 2022. This particular Mercurian apparition favoured Southern hemisphere observers, where the ecliptic (the apparent path of the Sun, which the Moon and planets follow very closely) formed a steep angle to the Eastern horizon at dawn at this time of year. Over the next fortnight Mars, Venus and Mercury would appear as a triangle in the Archer, the latter planet pulling away from the pair and stretching the triangle Eastwards from around mid-February.

Mercury's arrival in the dawn sky heralded the first of two paired apparitions between Venus and Mercury which took place during the 2022 apparition (a paired apparition being when the two planets are visible together for a prolonged period of time, either in the morning sky or the evening sky). This particular paired apparition lasted from the end of January through to mid-March and it favoured Southern hemisphere observers. The waning crescent Moon passed to the South of Venus and Mercury between January 30th and 31st.

Now moving direct, Venus passed 10º.7 North of the star Sgr again on February 2nd.

For observers situated at high and mid-Northern latitudes, February saw the first of two altitude 'peaks' which took place during Venus' 2022 apparition (the other being in late July/early August). In early February at 60° North latitude, Venus rose in the South-east some 2¼ hours before the Sun, attaining an altitude of 8° at 30 minutes before sunrise; here the planet was seen in twilight throughout the period. At 50° North in mid-February the planet rose 2¼ hours before the Sun, reaching an altitude of 13° in the South-east at 30 minutes before sunrise. From the Equator (latitude 0°) and latitude 35° South the planet also rose 2¼ hours ahead of the Sun, but at one half-hour before sunrise it reached an altitude of 25º in the ESE (at the Equator) and 21° high in the East (at 35° South).

Mercury, having brightened one whole magnitude to +0.7 since its first dawn appearance, reached its own Western stationary point on February 4th, positioned 13º.3 to the East of Venus and 17º to the ENE of Mars. Venus and Mercury came closest to each other on February 5th, when they were 13º apart.

Venus passed 9°.7 North of the Archer's second-brightest star Nunki ( Sgr or Sigma Sagittarii, mag. +2.0), another star on the Teapot's handle, on February 10th.

Venus attained its greatest brilliancy for this apparition (magnitude -4.6) on February 12th, positioned in Northern Sagittarius. The planet's greatest brilliancy occurs when the percentage of the illuminated portion of the disk (phase) and its angular size combine to best visual effect. In this particular apparition this took place when the planet was 26% illuminated (phase = 0.26), its apparent diameter was 40".8 and it was 40° West of the Sun. On the same day Venus, Mars and Mercury (mag. +0.2) formed their closest triangular grouping, with Mercury at the apex of the triangle, located 13°.9 to the ESE of Venus and 14°.1 to the ENE of Mars; Venus and Mars were separated by 6°.7. The triangle pointed East towards the neighbouring constellation of Capricornus, the Sea-Goat.

Venus passed 13°.1 North of Ascella ( Sgr or Zeta Sagittarii, mag. +2.6), at the base of the Teapot's handle, on February 13th.

At 0211 UT on February 14th Venus and Mars met in the first of six planetary conjunctions which took place during the planet's 2022 apparition  A planetary conjunction occurs whenever any two planets attain the same celestial longitude, such that they appear close together in the night sky. In this instance the pair were separated by a sizeable apparent distance of 6°.5 - so wide that many might not consider it a true conjunction as such. The conjunction was well placed for Southern hemisphere observers but poorly placed for those at higher Northern latitudes. Over the next four months Venus would pass all four of the distant Solar System planets; for more details, refer to the planetary conjunctions section below.

On February 15th Venus completed its pasage of the Teapot when it passed 10°.9 North of the star Sgr (Tau Sagittarii, mag. +3.3), the last of the four bright stars in the handle. Mercury (mag. +0.1) entered Capricornus on the same day, positioned 14°.9 to the East of Venus. Mercury attained its greatest elongation West of the Sun (26°) on February 16th; from around this time it began to pull away from Venus and Mars, elongating the planetary triangle Eastwards as it headed back towards the Sun. Mercury was 15°.4 East of Venus at midnight UT on the 16th, 16°.6 East of it on the 19th and 18° East of it on the 22nd.

Venus passed 4°.2 North of Albaldah ( Sgr or Pi Sagittarii, mag. +2.9), located in the Archer's head, on February 16th.

From around the third week of February, the planet Saturn (magnitude +0.7) began to emerge into the dawn sky, positioned some 27° to the East of Venus in central Capricornus. Saturn was at the start of its 2022-23 apparition, which would see it reach its peak brightness (+0.3) at opposition in early August. The arrival of the ringed planet in the dawn sky created a quartet of planets across 28° of sky. The waning crescent Moon passed by the quartet from February 27th to March 1st.

On February 23rd Venus attained its most Southerly declination (angular distance measured perpendicular to the celestial equator) of the apparition, at -16° 58' (-16°.96 in decimal format), such that it rose in the ESE as seen from most inhabited locations on Earth. This was not particularly far South along the horizon - in other Venusian apparitions the planet's placement in Sagittarius would cause it to rise as far as the South-east at higher latitudes - however on this occasion it did not because the parallax caused by Venus' relative closeness to the Earth at this time positioned it 4°.9 to the North of the ecliptic; consequently, its declination was shifted several degrees Northwards.

In late February, observers situated at Northern Tropical latitudes saw Venus attain its highest altitude before sunrise for the 2022 morning apparition. At 20° North the planet rose 2¾ hours ahead of the Sun, reaching 28° above the South-eastern horizon at half-an-hour before sunrise. Elsewhere the planet rose 1¾ hours before sunrise (at 60º North), 2½ hours before sunrise (at 30º North), three hours before the Sun (at the Equator) and 3¼ hours before the Sun (at 35º South). At thirty minutes before sunrise, Venus stood just 6º high in the South-east at 60º North, 23º high in the South-east at 30º North, 34º high in the ESE at the Equator and 34º high in the East at 35º South.

Mercury, now magnitude +0.0, was racing Eastwards towards Saturn at a rate of 1°.2 per day and pulling away from Venus and Mars at about half that rate. Mercury was 8°.2 to the WSW of Saturn and 19° to the East of Venus at midnight UT on February 24th, 4°.7 to the WSW of Saturn and 20°.6 to the East of Venus on the 27th and 1°.1 to the South-west of Saturn and 22°.3 to the East of Venus on March 2nd.

Mercury and Saturn were in conjunction on March 2nd, situated 22°.8 to the East of Venus. Mars entered Capricornus on March 5th, followed by Venus on the 7th, positioned 4°.4 to the NNW of the Red Planet. Since their conjunction in mid-February the two planets had been moving Eastwards along the ecliptic more or less in unison, the angular distance between them closing very slowly.

On March 9th Venus passed 3º.8 South of the star Algedi (² Cap or Alpha-2 Capricorni), an apparent naked-eye double star with Prima Giedi (¹ Cap or Alpha-1 Capricorni, mag. +4.2). Prior to the International Astronomical Union (IAU) standardising the name in 2016 (see below) Algedi was also known as Secunda Giedi. The stars are separated in the night sky by 6'.4 (0°.1) but they are not physically related, since they lie at very different distances from the Earth.

Mars, Venus and Algedi lined up along 7º.9 at around 7 hours UT on March 10th, Venus being positioned very nearly at the centre of the line. Venus passed 1º.5 South of another double star, Dabih (¹ Cap or Beta-1 Capricorni, mag. +3.1), later on the same day. It is a yellow star with a blue companion of magnitude +6.1, positioned 3'.5 to the West, visible in binoculars and small telescopes. Mars, Venus and Dabih lined up along 5º.6 at around 21 hours UT.

For Equatorial observers, March saw Venus attain its highest altitude above the horizon before sunrise. Around mid-March, Venus rose three hours before the Sun, reaching 35° above the ESE horizon some 30 minutes ahead of sunrise.

Venus and Mars reached conjunction for a second time at 1411 UT on March 12th, Venus being 4º to the North of the Red Planet. Much like their conjunction a month earlier, the event was best seen from the Southern hemisphere (for further details see the Planetary Conjunctions section below). After conjunction, Venus slowly pulled ahead of Mars to the East, being 3º.9 to the NNE of Mars at midnight UT on March 16th, 3º.9 to the NNE of it on the 19th and 4º.2 to the North-east of it on the 22nd.

Mercury headed into the twilight from mid-March and became lost from view. With its departure from the morning sky, Venus now formed a triangle with Mars and Saturn, the latter planet being positioned at the apex, the triangle pointing East towards neighbouring Aquarius, the Water-Carrier. The triangle would continue to be visible through to late March, changing its form and shrinking over that period.

At 1011 UT on March 20th Venus reached its greatest elongation from the Sun for this apparition (46°.6 West) in Northern central Capricornus, positioned just to the South of its border with Aquarius. Telescopes now showed Venus' disk half-illuminated (phase = 0.50 or 50%) with an apparent diameter of 24".6. Although the greatest elongation from the Sun occurred on March 20th, Venus was in fact positioned at 46°.6 solar elongation from March 19th through to the 23rd. The planet's apparent magnitude at this time was -4.3. When seen from a point far above the Solar System, the Earth, Venus and the Sun now formed a right-angled triangle in space, with Venus positioned at the 90° angle.

In theory, greatest elongation is the time at which the planet's terminator (the line seperating the light and dark sides of the planet) appears perfectly straight through telescopes, essentially dividing Venus into two perfect halves; this is known as the dichotomy. However, telescopic observers often report the straight terminator several days earlier or later than the greatest elongation date; typically early in evening apparitions and late in morning apparitions. This is known as the phase anomaly or Schröter's Effect (after the German astronomer Johann Schröter, who first observed the phenomenon in 1793) and is thought to be due to Venus' dense atmosphere scattering the sunlight. In the current apparition, therefore, telescopic observers could expect to see a 50% phase on or around March 24th.

Contrary to what one might think, greatest elongation day is not necessarily the day on which Venus is above the horizon ahead of sunrise for the longest period of time. Since the angle of the ecliptic to the Eastern horizon at dawn varies with the observer's latitude, Venus is seen above the horizon for differing periods of time at different latitudes. At 60° North Venus rose only an hour before sunrise; at the Equator the planet rose three hours before sunrise whilst at 35° South it rose 3½ hours before the Sun. Hence for the current apparition, observers at mid-Southern latitudes were best placed to see Venus above the horizon for the longest period on greatest elongation day.

Greatest elongation day now having passed, the phase of Venus changed from crescentic to gibbous (i.e. between a half-disk and a full disk), as it would remain through to the end of the apparition.

Venus passed 2º.5 North of the star Cap (Theta Capricorni, mag. +4.0), at the centre of the Sea Goat's body, on March 22nd. On the following day the planet entered Aquarius for a short period through its South-western border, positioned 4º.3 to the North-east of Mars.

At around 18 hours UT on March 24th Venus, Mars and Saturn formed an isoscelene triangle, with Venus at the North-pointing apex. The long side (Mars-Saturn) was 7º.5 in length and the other two sides (Venus-Mars and Venus-Saturn) were 4º.5 long; Venus was in Aquarius and the other two were in Capricornus.

From around the third week of March, the giant planet Jupiter (mag. -1.9) emerged into the dawn sky at the start of its 2022-23 apparition, positioned in North-eastern Aquarius. As it emerged it was about 31º to the ENE of Venus.

At 0720 UT on March 26th, the distance between the Earth and Venus was the same as that between the Sun and Venus, at 0.7242 AU (108.3 million kms or 67.3 million statute miles). Seen from far above the Earth's North pole, the Earth, Venus and the Sun now formed an isoscelene triangle in space, with Venus positioned at the apex. Still in Aquarius, Venus passed 3º.0 North of the star Cap (Iota Capricorni, mag. +4.3) on the same day.

Venus returned to Capricornus at 4 hours UT on March 27th, entering its North-eastern region, with Mars positioned 5º to its South-west and Saturn 2º.7 to its South-east.

The brightest star in Aquarius is Sadalsuud ( Aqr or Beta Aquarii, mag. +2.9), a name which is Arabic for 'the lucky one of the lucky', its meaning having astrological origins; Venus passed 7º.7 South of it at 7 hours UT on March 28th. At about 18 hours UT on the same day Venus, Saturn and Mars formed a right-angled triangle, with Saturn at the right-angle. The angular distance from Venus to Saturn was 2º.1, from Venus to Mars (hypotenuse) was 5º.4 and from Mars to Saturn was 4º.9. The waning crescent Moon passed by the trio between March 28th and the 31st.

At 1311 UT on March 29th Venus and Saturn reached conjunction in North-eastern Capricornus, the third planetary conjunction of the 2022 morning apparition. Mars - having now brightened to magnitude +1.0 - was positioned 4º.9 to the South-west of the pair. The conjunction was ideally placed for Southern hemisphere observers, from where the ecliptic presented a steep angle to the Eastern horizon at dawn at this time of year. For more details, see the planetary conjunctions section below.

Some 2º.7 to the South-east of the aforementioned Sadalsuud is the binary star Bunda ( Aqr or Xi Aquarii, mag. +4.7), a name formally assigned by the IAU in 2018 after a Persian lunar mansion. The name was approved by the Working Group on Star Names (WGSN), a new division of the IAU whom, since 2016, has been cataloguing and standardizing the star names used by the international astronomical community. In the process, it has tried to accommodate the astronomical lore of a wider diversity of global cultures, i.e. from mythologies other than Arab, Greek and Roman, whose star names dominate the night sky. Venus passed 5º.1 South of Bunda at around 18 hours UT on March 29th. The planet passed by several other 'newly-named' stars during its 2022 morning apparition, some of which will be discussed below.

On March 30th Venus passed 3º.8 North of the star Nashira ( Cap or Gamma Capricorni, mag. +3.7), located in the tail of the Sea Goat.

In late March, observers at mid-Southern latitudes saw Venus attain its highest altitude in the sky before sunrise for the 2022 apparition. At latitude 35° South the planet rose over 3½ hours before the Sun, reaching an altitude of around 37° high in the East at 30 minutes before sunrise. In fact, when assessed in terms of horizon altitude and visibility duration before sunrise, the 2022 morning apparition of Venus was the best of the planet's five morning apparition cycles for the Southern hemisphere; conversely, it was the worst of the five for the Northern hemisphere (for more details, see the accompanying article describing The Venus 8-year Cycle).

At 0940 UT on March 31st Venus, Saturn and Mars were equally spaced in a wide 'V' formation (or flat triangle) positioned just to the North of the Sea-Goat's tail. The angular distance from Venus to Saturn - and from Saturn to Mars - was 3º.1.

Venus passed 3º.7 North of Capricornus' brightest star, a variable named Deneb Algedi ( Cap or Delta Capricorni, mag. +2.9v), on April 1st. The name means 'tail of the goat' and it was also known as Deneb Algiedi or Scheddi before IAU standardisation in 2017.

In early April telescopes showed a 55% illuminated (i.e. slightly gibbous) phase. The apparent diameter had now reduced to around 22" and the planet shone at an apparent visual magnitude of -4.2.

For observers at high-Northern latitudes, Venus had been rising in twilight for much of the apparition so far, barely gaining any significant altitude before disappearing from view. From early April naked-eye observers situated North of about 59° North lost sight of the planet completely in the twilight and would not see it again until about late June, when the Northern hemisphere summer twilight was past its peak duration.

In early April the most distant 'true' planet Neptune (mag. +7.9) began to appear in the dawn sky. Requiring binoculars or a telescope to be seen, it was located very close to the North-eastern boundary of Aquarius with Pisces, the Fishes. At midnight UT on April 3rd Neptune was 26º.5 to the ENE of Venus and only 1º.9 ENE of Jupiter.

At around 14 hours UT on April 3rd Venus, Saturn and Mars formed a line 6º.8 in length, orientated North-east/South-west in Eastern Capricornus. The distance between Venus and Saturn was 5º.7 and that between Saturn and Mars was a little over 1º. Venus re-entered Aquarius at 19 hours UT on the same day. Mars and Saturn were in conjunction on April 4th, the Red Planet passing 0º.3 to the South of the ringed planet. Venus was located 7º to the ENE of the pair at the moment of conjunction.

Venus passed 10º.8 South of Aquarius' second-brightest star Sadalmelik ( Aqr or Alpha Aquarii, mag. +2.9) on April 5th. Although incorrectly assigned the Greek letter alpha - intended for the brightest star in the constellation - the brightness difference between this star and the constellation's true brightest star (Sadalsuud or Aqr) is fractional: Sadalmelik has an apparent visual magnitude of +2.95 whilst that of Sadalsuud is +2.90. Given the difference of just 0.05 magnitudes, we can perhaps forgive Johann Bayer, who first allotted stars their Greek letters in his 1603 star catalogue - and who had to estimate their order of brightness by naked-eye!

Later on April 5th Venus passed 2º.7 North of the star Aqr (Iota Aquarii, mag. +4.2), positioned at the 'knee-joint' of the Water Carrier's advancing leg. On April 8th the planet passed 2º.6 South of the star Ancha ( Aqr or Theta Aquarii, mag. +4.1). Between April 9th and 12th the planet was positioned about 9º South of Aquarius' best-known identifier, the so-called Steering Wheel asterism. At the centre of the 'wheel' is the star Aqr (Zeta Aquarii, mag. +3.7) with the stars Sadachbia ( Aqr or Gamma Aquarii, mag. +3.9), Aqr (Eta Aquarii, mag. +4.0) and Aqr (Pi Aquarii, mag. +4.8) encircling it. It is one of several asterisms spread across the zodiac with which beginner astronomers should become familiar, in order to aid constellation identification.

Venus crossed to the South of the ecliptic on April 10th. Mars entered Aquarius on April 11th, trailing 9º.2 to the South-west of Venus.

At 1244 UT on April 16th Venus passed just 3' (0º.05) South of Aqr (Lambda Aquarii, mag. +3.9) which the planet occulted on the same date during its 2014 morning apparition. It is both a red giant and a variable star and is unofficially known by the name Hydor. Venus passed 8º.4 North of the star Skat ( Aqr, or Delta Aquarii, mag. +3.2), at the base of the Waterman's amphora, on the following day.

Since their triangular formation in late March Venus had been rapidly pulling away Eastwards from Mars and approaching Jupiter at a rate of about 0°.9 per day. At around 9 hours UT on April 18th Venus was positioned mid-way between Mars and Jupiter, the Mars-Venus and Venus-Jupiter distances being 11º.4. Saturn was 9º to the WSW of Mars.

At 1546 UT on April 21st Venus passed 18' (0º.3) North of the star Aqr (Phi Aquarii, mag. +4.2), which the planet will occult during its evening apparition in January 2028.

Between April 22nd and 29th Venus passed several degrees South of the Circlet of Pisces, positioned at the Western end of Pisces. The Circlet is the most distinct feature of the constellation and comprises seven stars of fourth and fifth magnitude (at this time of the year the Circlet is only visible South of about latitude 49° North). The passage began at 7 hours UT on April 22nd when Venus passed 8°.7 South of  Aqr (Gamma Piscium, mag. +3.7), the Westernmost star of the Circlet.

At around 16 hours UT on April 25th Mars was positioned mid-way between Venus and Saturn, the angular distance between the latter two planets being 28º.1. Jupiter was 4º.7 to the ENE of Venus, the four planets now forming a line some 33º in length from South-western Pisces through to North-eastern Capricornus. All four planets were positioned about 1º South of the ecliptic. Neptune was also in the line, positioned roughly mid-way between Venus and Jupiter. The waning crescent Moon passed to the South of the line-up from April 25th to 28th.

At 1907 UT on April 27th Venus (mag. -4.0) passed a mere 35" (0°.01) to the South of Neptune (+7.9) in a difficult-to-observe planetary conjunction positioned only 3' (0º.05) South of Aquarius' border with Pisces; Venus entered Pisces at 22 hours UT on the same day. The planet completed its passage of the Circlet at 5 hours UT on April 29th when it passed 6°.2 South of the star TX Psc or 19 Psc (19 Piscium, mag. +5.1v), positioned at the Eastern end of the asterism. It is a red giant variable star with a small irregular brightness variation of between magnitudes +4.8 and +5.2.

Three days after passing Neptune, Venus and Jupiter (mag. -1.9) were in a close conjunction on April 30th, coming to within 15' (0º.25) of each other. Mars was positioned 16º to their South-west whilst Neptune was 3º.3 to their WSW. Both of these conjunctions were best seen from the Southern hemisphere. For more details, see the Planetary Conjunctions section below.

On May 1st at 0322 UT Venus was positioned at precisely 1.0000 AU from the Earth, i.e. the same distance as the average distance of the Earth from the Sun (149.5 million kms or 92.9 million statute miles). At this point in the apparition the distance between Venus and the Earth was increasing at an average rate of about 1.1 million kms (692,800 statute miles) per day.

Having now passed the Circlet, Venus passed 8º.3 South of the star Psc (Omega Piscium, mag. +4.2), located at the Southern fish's tail on old star maps, on May 2nd. It is also the brightest star which is positioned closest to the 'zero-hour' of celestial longitude, being just 0'.69 (0°.011) West of 0 hours Right Ascension (epoch 2000.0 coordinates). The planet crossed to the North of the celestial equator (where the declination of a celestial body is 0°) on May 5th, meaning that the planet now rose due East across the inhabited world.

Venus entered the constellation of Cetus, the Whale, for a four-day period commencing May 8th. Five planets were now spread in a line 42° long; in order of angular distance from the Sun, they were: Venus, Jupiter, Neptune, Mars and Saturn. Venus was now pulling away from the group towards the ENE at a rate of about 1° per day.

At around 1330 UT on May 11th Venus, Jupiter and Mars were evenly spread over 20°.2 of sky within three constellations: Venus in Cetus, Jupiter in Pisces and Mars in Aquarius (Neptune, having just entered Pisces, was almost mid-way between Mars and Jupiter). This fine celestial equilibrium was even more enhanced by the fact that Jupiter was positioned less than 1° South of the celestial equator and was only a little over 1° from the First Point of Aries, the point on the ecliptic where the Sun crosses the celestial equator each year at the Spring (Vernal) Equinox.

Venus re-entered Pisces through its central Southern boundary on May 12th. At this time of the year the constellation was only wholly observable from the Equator Southwards to about latitude 35° South. From latitudes North of about 47° North the constellation continued to be unobservable, the lengthening Northern hemisphere summer twilight only serving to compound the situation.

Venus passed 4º.2 South of the star Psc (Delta Piscium, mag. +4.4), positioned about half-way along the Southern Fish figure of Pisces, on May 13th. The star is one of several which on old star maps mark the long and winding cord between the Northern and Southern Fishes.

By mid-May Venus' elongation had reduced to 40° and it had dimmed slightly to magnitude -3.9. It appeared distinctly gibbous through telescopes, showing a 73% illuminated phase and a disk-diameter of around 15". The planet was now rising in the East 1¼ hours before sunrise at 50° North, 2 hours before sunrise at 30° North, 2½ hours before sunrise at the Equator and 3¼ hours before sunrise at 35° South. At 30 minutes before sunrise, the planet reached only 6° above the horizon at 50° North, 17° high at 30° North, 29° high at the Equator and 31° high at 35° South.

Venus passed the most distant point in its orbit from the Sun - known as the aphelion - on May 15th, at a solar distance of 0.7282 AU (108.9 million kms or 67.7 million statute miles).

On May 17th Venus passed 3º.2 South of the star Psc (Epsilon Piscium, mag. +4.2), another star in the meandering cord. Positioned 2°.7 to the East of Psc is the double star Revati ( Psc or Zeta Piscium,, mag. +4.9), a Sanskrit name adopted by the IAU in 2017 and derived from the daughter of King Kakudmi in Hindu mythology, a consort of the god Balarama (the elder brother of Krishna). Venus passed 1°.8 South of Revati on May 19th. The star comprises two components of magnitude +5.2 and +6.3, separated by a wide 23" (0'.4) and easily split in small telescopes.

At 9 hours UT on May 23rd Venus passed 1º.1 North of Psc (Mu Piscium, mag.+4.8) then at 17 hours UT passed 7°.8 South of the brightest star in Pisces, Alpherg ( Psc or Eta Piscium, mag. +3.8). The name is Arabic for 'the cord' and is not in common usage. It is a yellow giant star which, to most amateur astronomers, serves as a convenient 'finder star' for the galaxy Messier 74 (M74 or NGC 628), a 10th-magnitude face-on spiral which is one of the faintest objects in the Messier catalogue. It is positioned just 1°.3 to the ENE of Alpherg.

Venus passed 24' (0°.4) South of the star Torcular ( Psc or Omicron Piscium, mag. +4.2), positioned in the tail of the Northern Fish, at 1951 UT on May 26th. The name Torcular was standardized by the IAU in 2017, the original name having been the fanciful Torcularis Septentrionalis. Venus will occult the star during the planet's morning apparition in 2027.

From around midnight UT on May 27th the 26-day-old waning crescent Moon passed in front of Venus, blocking it from view, in an event known as a lunar occultation - the only such event to take place during the planet's 2022 morning apparition. The occultation was visible in darkness from the North-western Southern Ocean and Southern Madagascar and in twilight from the South-western Indian Ocean. The visibility track and timings can be seen by following the link in the Moon near Venus Dates section below.

Venus passed 9º.7 South of the double star Mesarthim ( Ari or Gamma Arietis, mag. +3.9), in neighbouring Aries, the Ram, at around 16 hours UT on May 28th. Easily resolved in small telescopes, it comprises two white stars of magnitudes +4.6 and +4.7, separated by 7".5. At 21 hours UT on the same day the planet passed 11º.2 South of the star Sheratan ( Ari or Beta Arietis, mag. +2.6). The name Mesarthim is Arabic in origin but its meaning is unclear, however the star has been associated with Sheratan (Arabic for 'the signs') since ancient times, when the stellar pair were considered to mark the New Year.

Mars and Jupiter met in conjunction in Pisces at three minutes past midnight UT on May 29th, positioned some 27° to the WSW of Venus and 11° to the ESE of the centre of the Circlet.

Venus passed 7°.6 North of the double-star Alrescha ( Psc or Alpha Piscium, mag. +3.8), at the tail-end of the Fishes, on May 30th. The name was standardized by the IAU in 2016, the star having previously been known as Al Rischa, Alrisha or Al Rescha. It comprises two blue-white components of magnitudes +4.1 and +5.1, separated by an angular distance of 1".8 on a roughly East-West orientation. Telescopes of at least 75 mm (3 in) aperture are required to split the pair.

In late May the planet Uranus (mag. +5.8) emerged into the dawn sky at the start of its 2022-23 apparition. Currently in central Aries, it added to a planetary line-up in the morning sky which was becoming increasingly spectacular.

Venus moved into Aries on May 31st; at this time of the year the constellation was observable just before dawn from latitudes South of about 53° North. The planet passed 12°.5 South of the constellation's brightest star Hamal ( Ari or Alpha Arietis, mag. +2.0) later on the same day. In 2011 Hamal was found to have an extra-solar planet or exoplanet (a planet outside our own Solar System) orbiting around it.

As if six planets were not enough in the existing line-up, in early June Mercury (magnitude +2.7) emerged into the dawn sky at the start of its second morning apparition of 2022. In the early morning hours (UT) of June 3rd, the naked-eye planet observer was presented with a spectacular line-up of five naked-eye planets - plus two binocular ones - in the morning sky. Remarkably, the order of the naked-eye planets on this occasion was the same as their orbital distance from the Sun. The line from Mercury to Saturn extended 90°.7, i.e. fractionally over a quarter of the angular circumference of the celestial sphere, stretching from Taurus, the Bull to Capricornus. Even dwarf planet Pluto (mag. +14.4) was technically in the line-up: it was positioned in Eastern Sagittarius, close to its border with Capricornus (if one included Pluto, the line-up length was about 117°). The line-up continued throughout June, albeit increasing in length with each passing day, ending when Mercury left the morning sky.

The planetary line-up was ideally viewed from the Southern hemisphere, from where the ecliptic presented a steep angle to the horizon before dawn at this time of the year. The Southern Tropics were perhaps the best latitudes to observe it. For observers located North of about 30° North latitude, however, low altitude and twilight interfered with observation of Uranus and Mercury, which rose much closer to sunrise. At Southern latitudes observers could expect to see Uranus reach 10°-15° in altitude before the dawn twilight overwhelmed it, whilst Mercury reached 13°-17° above the horizon before disappearing from view. The Moon began to interfere with observation of the fainter planets from June 13th to 23rd (the Moon was Full on June 14th). The Moon passed the line-up between June 18th and 27th; it was waning gibbous when passing Saturn, Last Quarter passing Neptune and waning crescent passing the remaining planets. The angular length of the line-up (from Mercury to Saturn) over the month was as follows: 91°.6 on June 8th, 94°.2 on the 13th, 99°.1 on the 18th, 104°.9 on the 23rd, 112°.1 on the 28th and 121° on July 3rd (when Mercury headed out of view). To include Pluto in the line-up, add 27° to these numbers.

Coincident with the June planetary line-up was, of course, a Venus-Mercury paired apparition, which in this case lasted from June 1st to July 3rd. As with the line-up, this apparition of Mercury favoured Southern hemisphere observers due to the planet's better visibility from these latitudes at this time.

On June 10th Venus passed 12º.8 South of the variable and double star Bharani (41 Ari or 41 Arietis, mag. +3.6), named after the second lunar mansion in Hindu astrology. It is another name which was adopted by the IAU in 2017.

At 1316 UT on June 11th Venus (mag, -3.8) passed 1°.6 to the South of Uranus (+5.8) in the sixth and final observable planetary conjunction of the 2022 morning apparition. Taking place only 34° from the Sun the conjunction was poorly placed and only visible from latitudes South of the Northern Tropics.

On June 12th Venus passed 6º.3 South of Ari (Epsilon Arietis, mag. +4.6), which is also both a variable star and a double star. Its two white components are magnitudes +5.2 and +5.5 and are separated by just 1".5, requiring telescopes of at least 100 mm (4 in) and high magnification in order to split them.

On June 14th Venus passed 3º.7 South of the star Botein ( Ari or Delta Arietis, mag. +4.3) which on older star maps marked the hind leg of the Ram.

Mercury (mag. +0.7) reached its greatest elongation from the Sun (23°.2 W) on June 16th, positioned just across the border in Taurus some 10°.2 to the East of Venus. Venus itself entered Taurus on June 17th; from latitudes South of about 35° North, only the Western half of the constellation was visible at this time of the year. Venus passed 7º.8 North of the star Tau (Omicron Tauri, mag. +3.6), at the Western edge of the constellation, later that same day. The planet passed 4º.2 North of the star 5 Tau (5 Tauri, mag. +4.1) on June 18th.

Venus and Mercury came closest to each other on June 21st, when they were 9º.7 apart; on this particular occasion they did not reach conjunction.

From June 21st to 22nd Venus passed ca. 6° South of the open star cluster known as the Pleiades (pronounced 'PLY-add-eez' or 'PLEE-add-eez') or The Seven Sisters (M45), perhaps the best-known star cluster in the night sky. The cluster was only observable South of about latitude 40º North at this time of year, positioned low above the ENE horizon just before dawn. Under dark skies the seven brightest stars in the group can be seen with the naked-eye and are often considered to be a good test of visual acuity. The planet passed 5°.9 South of the cluster's brightest Western star (Electra) at 17 hours UT on the 21st and completed its passage of the cluster at 14 hours UT on 22nd, when it passed 5°.7 South of its brightest Eastern star (Atlas).

On June 24th Venus passed 6°.5 North of the eclipsing binary star Tau (Lambda Tauri), positioned at the 'heart' of the Bull figure, whose magnitude varies from ca. 3.5 to 4.0 over a period of four days. The waning crescent Moon passed to the North of Venus and Mercury between June 26th and 27th.

Positioned between Mercury and Venus as the Moon passed by them was a much larger star cluster known as the Hyades, a distinct 'V'-shaped grouping of stars forming the head of the Bull. The cluster comprises around 400 stars spread over an area of about 5° of the sky. At the apex of the 'V' is the star Prima Hyadum ( Tau or Gamma Tauri, mag. +3.6) which, before standardization by the IAU, was known variously as Primus Hyadum or Hyadum I. Venus passed 4°.3 North of the star on June 28th. On June 29th Venus passed 2°.6 North of the star Secunda Hyadum (¹ Tau or Delta-1 Tauri, mag. +3.7), a triple star system positioned about half-way along the Northern arm of the Hyades cluster. Before IAU standardization in 2017, the star was also known as Secundus Hyadum or Hyadum II.

Also positioned along the Northern arm is the star Ain ( Tau or Epsilon Tauri, mag. +3.5), marking the base of the Bull's Northern horn. An exoplanet was detected orbiting this star in 2007, which was given the designation Epsilon Tauri b. Venus passed 1°.2 North of Ain on June 30th. At the same moment, Venus passed 4°.5 North of Chamukuy (² Tau or Theta-2 Tauri, mag. +3.7), the brightest of the Hyades' 'true' members (see Aldebaran below), positioned about half-way along the Southern arm of the cluster. The name Chamukuy is that of a small bird in Yucatec Mayan culture and it was adopted by the IAU in 2017. The star forms a naked-eye yellow-white double with  ¹ Tau (Theta-1 Tauri, mag. +3.8), positioned some 337" (5'.6 or 0°.09) to the North.

Venus passed 4°.2 to the North of Aldebaran, an orange-red star which marks the 'eye' of the Bull, on July 1st. The star's coloration derives from the fact that it is a red giant star. Most of the Hyades stars comprise a genuine cluster, moving through space together, however Aldebaran is not part of the group; it is a foreground star, positioned at a much closer distance of 68 light years (where 1 light year = 63,240 AU) from Earth.

Mercury headed out of view from the dawn sky during the first week of July; it would become the only evening planet in the Western sky from early August.

On July 11th Venus passed 6°.2 South of the star Elnath ( Tau or Beta Tauri, mag. +1.6), which is located at the tip of the Bull's Northern horn. The name was standardized by the IAU in 2016, previous versions of the name being spelled Al Nath, El Nath or simply Nath. The star also neatly completes the six-sided figure comprising the stars of Auriga, the Charioteer, located to the North-east of Taurus.

Venus passed 25' (0°.41) North of the Crab Nebula (M1 or NGC 1952) at 1020 UT on July 13th. It is the gaseous remnant of a supernova which exploded in 1054 AD. It is a faint object, just visible in binoculars under dark skies and an elongated wisp when seen through telescopes.

On July 14th the planet passed 1°.3 North of the star Tianguan ( Tau or Zeta Tauri, mag. +2.9v), which marks the tip of the Bull's Southern horn. The name, adopted by the IAU in 2017, is derived from Chinese astronomy, in which the star is known as the Celestial Gate, part of an asterism contained within a mansion called Bì Xiù ('the Net').

At 7 hours UT on July 16th, Venus entered the Northernmost section of Orion, the Hunter, which it would occupy for the next couple of days. On July 17th the planet passed 15°.4 North of Betelgeuse ( Ori or Alpha Orionis, mag. +0.7v), an orange-red variable star positioned at the North-eastern corner of the Hunter's quadrilateral. Its magnitude fluctuates between about +0.0 and +1.3 over a period of several years, which means that only on short occasions does it take the title of the brightest star in Orion - most of the time, this honour goes to Rigel ( Ori or Beta Orionis, mag. +0.1v), positioned on the opposite corner of the quadrilateral. Venus passed about 2°.5 North of Orion's 'club', topped by the stars ¹ Ori and ² Ori (Chi-1 and Chi-2 Orionis, mags. +4.4 and +4.6), between July 17th and 19th.

Venus entered Gemini, the Twins, at 1019 UT on July 18th. At this time of year, only the Twins' legs could be seen from the Northern Tropics Southwards to about latitude 30° South, rising in the ENE just before dawn. The planet passed 27' (0°.45) South of the star 1 Gem (1 Geminorum, mag. +4.2) on the 19th; the star marks the foot of the Northern twin (Castor). A short distance North-east of 1 Geminorum is the open star cluster M35 (NGC 2168). The cluster has an apparent diameter of 30' (about the size of the Full Moon) and it contains over 400 stars(!) It can be glimpsed with the naked-eye as a misty patch of light on a dark, clear night. Venus passed 1°.5 South of the cluster on July 20th.

At 0345 UT on July 21st Venus passed 21' (0°.35) North of the star Propus ( Gem or Eta Geminorum, mag. +3.5v), also referred to as Tejat Prior or Praepes before IAU standardization in 2016. At 1643 UT on July 22nd Venus passed the same distance (21') North of the star Tejat ( Gem or Mu Geminorum, mag. +3.0v), which marks the Northern twin's knee. Before IAU standardization the star was known by several other names: Tejat Posterior, Nuhatai, Calx and Pish Pai!

Also on July 22nd, Venus attained its most Northerly declination of the apparition at +22° 51' (+22°.85 in decimal format) in Western Gemini. The planet now rose at its most Northerly point along the local horizon, an effect which was more pronounced the further North in latitude an observer was situated.  At the Equator, for example, Venus rose in the ENE at this time whilst at 60° North it rose in the North-east, some 29° further North along the horizon.

On July 23rd Venus passed 2°.6 to the North of the double star  Gem (Nu Geminorum, mag.+4.1), which the planet will occult during its morning apparition in August 2028 when it is close to maximum solar elongation.

On July 25th Venus passed 6°.5 North of the star Alhena ( Gem or Gamma Geminorum, mag. +2.0), which is positioned at the foot of the Southern twin (Pollux). On July 26th the planet passed 2°.3 South of Mebsuta ( Gem or Epsilon Geminorum, mag. +3.0) which is positioned at the groin of the Northern twin.

During late July and into August, observers at high and mid-Northern latitudes saw the planet attain a secondary altitude 'peak'. At latitude 60° North, some 30 minutes before sunrise, the planet attained an altitude of 9° above the North-eastern horizon - only 1° higher than in early February and even this was not very high, but it was the best that observers at these latitudes got during the 2022 apparition. Mid-Northern observers fared little better; at 30 minutes before sunrise, the planet reached just 12° above the ENE horizon, almost the same altitude as back in February but further North along the local horizon. Telescopically the planet appeared a little over 90% illuminated and, at 11" across, little could be discerned in the way of cloud markings.

At around 0830 UT on July 28th Venus formed an isoscelene triangle with Gemini's two luminaries Castor ( Gem or Alpha Geminorum, mag. +1.6) and Pollux ( Gem or Beta Geminorum, mag. +1.1), which are positioned to the ENE of the planet. The long sides of the triangle measured a little over 13° and the angular distance of the short side (from Castor to Pollux) is 4°.5. The temporary celestial triangle pointed South-westwards towards Orion. This celestial geometry was visible in twilight from the extreme North-eastern states of Canada (Labrador, Newfoundland, North-eastern Quebec and New Brunswick), low down over the NNE horizon at dawn.

On July 30th Venus passed 1°.9 North of the optical double star Mekbuda (Gem or Zeta Geminorum, mag. +3.9v), positioned at the right knee of the Southern twin.

As August arrived Venus' solar elongation had reduced to 22° and its visibility across the world was becoming more limited. At 60° North the planet rose in twilight about 2¼ hours before the Sun, reaching 9° above the ENE horizon some 30 minutes before sunrise. At mid-Northern latitudes Venus was rising about 2 hours ahead of the Sun, reaching 11° high in the ENE at 30 minutes before sunrise. Equatorial and Northern Tropical latitudes saw the planet rise about 1¾ hours before the Sun, reaching 13° high in the ENE at one half-hour before sunrise. Mid-Southern hemisphere observers now had a rapidly shortening window in which to observe the planet, despite it rising in near-darkness. At 35° South, Venus rose 1¼ hours ahead of the Sun, attaining just 8° in altitude in the North-east at 30 minutes before sunrise.

Venus crossed to the North of the ecliptic on August 2nd. The planet passed 12' (0°.2) North of the star Wasat ( Gem or Delta Geminorum, mag. +3.5) at 1359 UT on the same day and 10°.0 South of Castor, Gemini's second-brightest star, on August 5th.

At around 0250 UT on August 7th, the constellation's brightest star Pollux, Gem (Kappa Geminorum, mag. +3.5) and Venus formed a line 6°.5 in length, aligned roughly celestial North and South. The angular distance between Pollux and   Gem is 3°.6 and that between Gem and Venus was 2°.8. Extending the line some 16°.5 to the South of Venus brought one very close to the bright star Procyon ( CMi or Alpha Canis Minoris, mag. +0.5) in the constellation of Canis Minor, the Lesser Dog. Venus passed 2°.8 South of Gem itself at around 0610 UT that same day, and 4¾ hours later, the planet passed 6º.5 to the South of Pollux. In 2006 an exoplanet was discovered orbiting Pollux, which is 34 light years distant.

Venus entered Cancer, the Crab - the faintest of the zodiac constellations - on August 10th. Only the North-western section of the constellation was observable at this time of year, visible briefly just before dawn from the Northern Tropics Northwards to about latitude 50° North. At 2050 UT on the same day Castor, Pollux and Venus formed a line some 12°.7 in length, orientated SSE-NNW. The line pointed towards the head of Hydra, the Water Snake, positioned 18° to the SSE of Venus. The alignment was visible in dawn twilight from South-eastern China, Taiwan, the Philippines and Eastern Indonesia.

Venus passed 11°.0 North of Cancer's brightest star Tarf ( Cnc or Beta Cancri, mag. +3.5) on August 13th. The star is positioned at the South-western corner of the constellation's lambda-shaped () figure. The name Tarf, which is not in common usage, is derived from the Arabic Al Tarf meaning 'the End', i.e. the end of the Crab's leg. The name was approved by the IAU in 2018.

On August 19th Venus passed 38' (0°.63) North of Asellus Australis ( Cnc or Delta Cancri, mag. +3.9), one of two stars which flank the star cluster Praesepe (M44), in central Cancer, on its Eastern side - the other being Asellus Borealis ( Cnc or Gamma Cancri, mag. +4.6), located 3º.3 further North. The planet passed 6º.1 North of Acubens ( Cnc or Alpha Cancri, mag. +4.3), at the South-eastern corner of the constellation, on August 21st.

By the third week of August Venus was again rising in twilight across the inhabited world. The planet entered Leo, the Lion, on August 26th, its solar elongation falling below 15° on the following day. For most of the Southern hemisphere the 'observing window' had reduced to less than an hour. Venus' high declination put it in rather better sight of Northern hemisphere observers; the planet rose 1¾ hours before the Sun at 60° North, 1½ hours before the Sun at 50° North and 1¼ hours before the Sun at 30° North, attaining about 8° in altitude some 30 minutes before sunrise.

In early September observers at mid-Southern latitudes were the first to lose sight of Venus as it disappeared into the bright dawn twilght. From latitudes further North telescopes showed the planet with a 97% illuminated gibbous phase, its apparent diameter being just 10". To the naked-eye the planet continued to shine at an apparent visual magnitude of -3.8, as it had done since early July.

Venus crossed the perihelion point in its orbit - when it was closest to the Sun - on September 4th, at a solar distance of 0.7184 AU (107.4 million kms or 66.8 million statute miles). This was the planet's second perihelion crossing of the apparition, taking place 225 days (one Venus orbital period) after the first, back in January.

Venus passed 47' (0°.78) North of Leo's brightest star Regulus ( Leo or Alpha Leonis, mag. +1.4) at 0123 UT on September 5th. The passage could only be viewed with difficulty in twilight, low over the ENE horizon, from the Northern Tropics Northwards to about latitude 50° North. Regulus is positioned less than 0°.5 North of the ecliptic so it is occasionally occulted by planets and - more frequently - by the Moon. Venus last occulted Regulus in 1959 and will next occult the star during its morning apparition in 2044.

Venus entered Virgo, the Virgin, on September 24th, by which time it was a mere 8° West of the Sun. The planet became lost from view from the rest of the world over the next few days, bringing the 2022 morning apparition to a close. Venus ended the apparition shining at nearly the same apparent magnitude (-3.8) as when it had entered the morning sky in the previous January, the planet now showing a 98% illuminated disk measuring just 9".8 across.

Now unobservable from across the world, Venus crossed to the South of the celestial equator on October 1st.

In early October Mercury (mag. +0.8) returned to the dawn sky for its third and final morning apparition of 2022 and its sixth of the year overall (including evening apparitions). This apparition favoured Northern hemisphere observers. The planet reached its greatest Western elongation (18° West of the Sun) on October 8th and departed the morning sky around mid-month.

Venus reached it most distant point from the Earth for this apparition - known as the apogee - on October 20th, when it was 1.7172 AU (256.9 million kms or 159.6 million statute miles) distant.

Venus reached superior conjunction (passing on the far side of the Sun as seen from the Earth) in central Virgo on October 22nd. At the moment of conjunction the planet was positioned 1°.0 North of the Sun. Venus was now at a distance of 1.7171 AU (256.8 million kms or 159.6 million miles) from the Earth.

Having passed from the morning to the evening sky, Venus remained out of view - lost in the solar glare - for about a month, as it made its slow passage on the far side of its orbit from the Earth. The planet became visible once again from around mid-November 2022, when it was seen shortly after sunset from Equatorial latitudes as an 'Evening Star' in the Western sky, heralding a new evening apparition (2022-23) which lasts through to August 2023.

 [Terms in yellow italics are explained in greater detail in an associated article describing planetary movements in the night sky.]

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Venus Conjunctions with other Planets: Morning Apparition, 2022

There were six observable planetary conjunctions involving Venus during its 2022 morning apparition. The most visually spectacular of the six took place on April 30th, when Venus passed just 15' (0°.25) to the South of Jupiter (mag. -1.9). The closeness of the pairing allowed both planets to be easily contained within the eyepiece of a small telescope. Jupiter, at 34".8 across, appeared twice the apparent size of Venus, however Venus shone 6½ times brighter because Jupiter was 5½ times more distant. The conjunction took place when Venus was only 4° short of its maximum Western elongation, providing ideal viewing circumstances for Southern hemisphere observers in particular. As the fainter planet (Jupiter) disappeared from view in the twilight, observers here saw the planets attain an altitude of between 35° (at 45° South) and 40° (at 15° South) above the ENE horizon. Northern hemisphere latitudes saw the pair reach between 16° (40° North) and 28° (20° North) above the ESE horizon as Jupiter faded from view, whilst at 50° North the planets attained only 8° above the ESE horizon (from here the planets were seen in continuous twilight from rising to disappearance).

The next best planetary conjunction of the apparition was on March 29th 2022, when Venus (mag. -4.2) passed 2°.1 to the North of Saturn (+0.7). Although the conjunction took place only nine days after Venus' greatest elongation, for Northern hemisphere observers the planets' Southerly position in Capricornus meant that the pair were not placed particularly high in the sky when Saturn disappeared in the dawn sky. At 50° North they attained an altitude of just 7° above the ESE horizon, whilst at 30° North they only reached 22° high in the ESE. Equatorial and Southern latitudes had the best view; from here the ecliptic (the apparent path of the Sun, Moon and planets) presented a steep angle to the horizon at dawn at this time of year. At Saturn's disappearance the pair were 38° high in the ESE at the Equator, 41° high in the East at 35° South and 38° high in the ENE at 45° South.

There were two conjunctions of Venus with Mars during the period, both of them widely separated - indeed, they were the two widest of the six conjunctions. The March 12th 2022 conjunction wais technically the better of the two, since it had a narrower separation (4°.0), greater horizon altitudes and Venus close to its maximum solar elongation. Venus, at magnitude -4.3, shone 158 times brighter than Mars. Venus could easily be seen in the dawn twilight but Mars disappeared from view much sooner. At latitude 50° North the planets were positioned at 9° (Venus) and 5° (Mars) above the South-eastern horizon as Mars disappeared from view; here the pair were seen in twilight throughout. At latitude 30° North they were positioned 23° (Venus) and 20° (Mars) high in the South-east as the Red Planet disappeared. From the Southern hemisphere the altitudes and directions under the same circumstances were as follows: 41° high in the East at 25° South; 39° (Venus) and 41° (Mars) high in the East at 35° South and 36° (Venus) and 38° (Mars) high in the East at 45° South.

The February 14th 2022 conjunction between Venus and Mars took place at a narrower solar elongation (39° West) than the March 12th event. The separation of 6°.5 - equivalent to the apparent width of thirteen Full Moons - was so wide that many might not consider it a conjunction at all! Venus, at magnitude -4.5, was shining at its brightest for its 2022 morning apparition. At latitude 50° North the planets were 13° high (Venus) and 7° high (Mars) over the South-eastern horizon at the Red Planet's disappearance; at 30° North the planets were 25° (Venus) and 20° (Mars) above the ESE horizon and at the Equator they were 35° (Venus) and 33° (Mars) above the ESE horizon. In the Southern hemisphere the altitudes and directions at disappearance were: 33° (Venus) and 35° (Mars) in the ESE at latitude 25° South, 30° (Venus) and 33° (Mars) in the East at 35° South and 26° (Venus) and 30° (Mars) in the East at 45° South.

The two conjunctions involving the outermost planets Uranus and Neptune were not observable from mid- and higher Northern latitudes. Twilight quickly renders these so-called ice giants unobservable (even through binoculars) so any conjunctions taking place less than about 20° from the Sun will be difficult or impossible to see. The conjunctions of 2022 were however above that limit, at solar elongations of 34° and 43°, respectively.

Since Uranus and Neptune are the faintest of the observable planets in the night sky and Venus is the brightest, it follows that these conjunctions are technically difficult to observe - regardless of the solar elongation - and optical aid is required to observe such events. Through both telescopes and binoculars, Venus' brilliance means that it must be positioned outside the field of view to enable Uranus and Neptune to be comfortably seen.

At 1907 UT on April 27th 2022 Venus (mag. -4.0) passed a mere 35" (0'.6 or 0º.01) to the South of Neptune (+7.9) - an angular distance equivalent to only two apparent diameters of Venus! This difficult conjunction was not viewable from most of the Northern hemisphere - at latitude 20º North, for example, they attained an altitude of just 12º above the Eastern horizon as Neptune faded from view. Although rising in darkness and at a good solar elongation, the arrival of dawn twilight meant that even in the Southern hemisphere the pair did not rise far above the horizon before Neptune disappeared from view. From the Equator the pair were placed 21° above the Eastern horizon whilst at 35° South they were 24° high in the ENE. The line-of-sight closeness in this conjunction of the brightest and dimmest planets of our Solar System belied the fact that Neptune was over 31 times more distant than Venus - and 60,000 times fainter! Much more obvious to the naked-eye observer on this occasion was Jupiter, positioned only 2°.8 away to the ENE of the pair and which encountered its own planetary conjunction with Venus only three days later, as described above.

Venus and Uranus (mag. +5.8) were involved in a relatively wide conjunction (1°.6) on June 11th 2022; it was not visible from latitudes North of the Northern Tropics. The solar elongation of 34° was the narrowest of the six conjunctions and, combined with the dawn twilight, meant that the two planets did not reach very high altitudes before Uranus disappeared from view: from the Equator the pair were placed 15° above the ENE horizon whilst at 35° South they were only 13° high in the ENE.

The six planetary conjunctions involving Venus which were observable during the 2022 morning apparition are detailed in the table below.

Although any given conjunction takes place at a particular instant in time, it is worth pointing out that, because of the planets' relatively slow daily motions, such events are interesting to observe for several days both before and after the actual conjunction date.

There are in fact two methods of defining a planetary conjunction date: one is measured in Right Ascension (i.e. perpendicular to the celestial equator) and the other is measured along the ecliptic, which is inclined at 23½° to the Earth's equatorial plane (this is due to the tilt of the Earth's axis in space). An animation showing how conjunction dates are determined by each method can be found on the Jupiter-Uranus 2010-11 triple conjunction page. Although conjunctions measured along the ecliptic can be significantly closer, the Right Ascension method is the more commonly used, and it is the one which is adopted here.

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Moon near Venus Dates, January to August 2022

The Moon is easy to find, and on one or two days in each month, it passes Venus in the sky. Use the following tables to see on which dates the Moon passed near the planet during its 2022 morning apparition:

The Moon moves relatively quickly against the background stars in an Eastward direction, at about its own angular width (0º.5) each hour (about 12º.2 per day). Because it is relatively close to the Earth, an effect called parallax causes it to appear in a slightly different position (against the background stars) when seen from any two locations on the globe at any given instant; the further apart the locations, the greater the Moon's apparent displacement against the background stars. Therefore, for any given date and time listed in the table, the Moon will have appeared closer to Venus when seen from some locations than others. For this reason, the dates shown in the table should be used only for general guidance.

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Naked-eye Venus: Apparitions, Conjunctions and Elongations

Credits

• The dates of Venus' constellation boundary crossings, star passages, most Northerly/Southerly declination details and planetary conjunction details were determined from the commercial software RedShift 5 by Maris Technologies Ltd. The times and separations of the lunar conjunctions with Venus (Moon near Venus dates) were obtained using the software's 'Conjunctions' option of the 'Sky Diary'.
• Visibility durations and planet altitudes at dawn and dusk were derived using the 'Night Sky Map & Planets Visible' utility at TimeandDate.com.
• The perihelion dates of Venus were obtained from the website The Sky and Its Phenomena by Italian amateur astronomer Pierpaolo Ricci. Future dates of stellar occultations by Venus were obtained from his Stellar Occultations page.
• The aphelion and apogee dates of Venus were obtained from the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan's 'Celestial Phenomena' utility.
• Information on the cultural origins of the IAU's 'newly-named' stars were obtained from the following sources: Revati, Bharani, Chamukuy: UniverseToday.com. Bunda and Tianguan: Wikipedia's Xi Aquarii and Zeta Tauri pages, respectively.

Copyright  Martin J Powell  January 2022